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Demobilization and Reintegration in Central America

by Denise Spencer

Denise Spencer is a political scientist currently working on issues of civil-military relations in Mexico.
She conducted the research for this paper while working for the Bonn International Center for Conversion

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CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. DEMOBILIZATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA

III. THE CENTRAL AMERICAN PEACE PROCESS

  1. The Contadora process
  2. The Esquipulas peace process and Nicaragua
  3. The peace process in El Salvador
  4. The peace process in Guatemala
  5. Demilitarization and the Security Commission
  6. Case study methodology

IV. NICARAGUA

  1. Post-conflict demobilization
  2. Disarmament
  3. Structure and role of the army
  4. Reintegration
    1. Land: a condition for successful reintegration
    2. Reintegration experience 24
    3. Social movements by ex-combatants: reorganizations and threats to security
  5. Support for demobilization and reintegration
    1. External support for demobilization and reintegration
    2. International non-governmental organizations
    3. Local non-governmental organizations

V. EL SALVADOR

  1. Post-conflict demobilization
  2. Disarmament
  3. Structure and role of the army
  4. Reintegration
    1. The promise of reintegration assistance
    2. Reintegration experience
    3. Social movements by ex-combatants: reorganizations and threats to security
  5. Support for demobilization and reintegration
    1. External support for demobilization and reintegration
    2. International non-governmental organizations
    3. Local non-governmental organizations

VI. LESSONS LEARNED FROM DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION

  1. Demobilization
  2. Disarmament
  3. Structure and role of the army
  4. Reintegration
  5. Support for demobilization and reintegration
  6. Results of the demobilization and reintegration processes

VII. CONCLUSIONS

VIII. ACRONYMS

IX. REFERENCES

ANNEX: INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF
DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA

BOXES AND TABLES:

  • Box 1: The role of the UN and OAS in demobilization and reintegration in Nicaragua
  • Box 2: Women in post-conflict Nicaragua
  • Box 3: Reconciliation between former warring parties
  • Box 4: The role of the UN in demobilization and reintegration in El Salvador
  • Box 5: Women in post-conflict El Salvador
  • Table 1: Demobilization in Central America (1989-1996)
  • Table 2: Demobilization timetable for the FMLN in El Salvador

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