BICC Publications/By author

Oakes, R., van der Geest, K., Schraven, B., Adaawen, S., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., de Sherbinin, A., Etzold, B., Groth, J., Hermanns, K., Lakeman, S., Nawrotzki, R., Rademacher-Schulz, C., Romankiewic, C., Serraglio, D., Sterly, H., Thalheimer, L., Wiederkehr, C., & Williams, D. (2023). A future agenda for research on climate change and human mobility. International Migration, 1-10.

In the past 15 years, research activities focusing on the interlinkages between climate change and human mobility have intensified. At the same time, an increasing number of actors and processes have sought to address human mobility in the context of climate change from a policy perspective.... more

Etzold, B., & Müller-Koné, M. (2023). Boundary-Making in a Contested Space. Food Security and Conflict Dynamics in Marsabit, Kenya Bonn: BICC.

This study reports on the results of a pilot study on food security and conflict dynamics in northern Kenya conducted by BICC in collaboration with Caritas Germany and its Kenyan partners Caritas Marsabit and PACIDA in 2022. The objectives were to identify the interrelationships between food... more

Mielke, K., & Etzold, B. (2022). Afghans’ narrowing mobility options in Pakistan and the right to transnational living: a figurational perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 4347-4364 .

Different types of low-scale mobility have traditionally aided Afghans in Pakistan to cope with the challenges of everyday life during forty years of displacement: cross-border and domestic movement, resource usage from assets ‘back home’, transnational networks, and circular migration conditioned... more

Etzold, B., & Fechter, A.-M. (2022). Unsettling protracted displacement: connectivity and mobility beyond ‘Limbo’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 4295-4312.

Conventional understandings of protracted displacement are limited by a number of shortcomings. They imply the stasis of protracted situations; the passivity and disconnection of vulnerable groups who need external support; and immobility of people ‘stuck’ in places. Moreover, solutions to... more

Christ, S., & Etzold, B. (2022). Family figurations in displacement: Entangled mobilities of refugees towards Germany and beyond. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies., 4419–4435.

Refugees rarely flee in isolation. Instead, their everyday lives and mobilities are fundamentally shaped by the broader set of social relations in which they are embedded, particularly by their families. Drawing on interviews with sixty displaced people living in Germany and in-depth case studies... more

Lorenz, R., & Etzold, B. (2022). Journeys of Violence: Trajectories of (Im-)Mobility and Migrants’ Encounters with Violence in European Border Spaces. Comparative Population Studies, 47, 211-232.

On their journeys to and through Europe, refugees and other migrants are commonly subjected to violence in its multifaceted forms. We argue that these “journeys of violence” are a direct effect of a fundamentally uneven and asymmetric global mobility regime that creates frictions and fragmentations... more

Etzold, B., Wagner, M., & Katsiaficas, C. (2022). People First – New Solutions to the Challenge of Displacement: Think7.

More than 82 million people – equal to the population of Germany – are forcibly displaced across the globe. An increasing number of refugees and internally displaced persons are living in long-term situations of vulnerability, dependency, and legal insecurity. This is despite the fact that every... more

Christ, S., Etzold, B., Güzelant, G., Puers, M., Steffens, D., Themann, P., & Thiem, M. (2022). Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Germany - Empirical findings and reflections on mobility and translocal connections of refugees living in Germany (TRAFIG working paper no. 10). Bonn: BICC.

TRAFIG working paper no. 10 presents the findings of the empirical research on the role of connectivity and mobility for displaced people in Germany in the framework of the TRAFIG project. The findings are based on qualitative fieldwork in Germany, with 73 qualitative interviews with displaced ... more

Christ, S., Isikozlu, E., & Etzold, B. (2022). Following their lead: Transnational connectivity and mobility along family figurations in displacement (TRAFIG practice note no. 10). Bonn: BICC.

Transnational lives are not the exception but rather a reality of displaced peoples’ everyday lives. This became obvious in our research with refugees in Germany, in which we used a figurational approach to better understand their situation and how they overcome protracted displacement. By... more

Katsiaficas, C., Wagner, M., Pastore, F., Hatziprokopiou, P., Etzold, B., & Kraler, A. (2022). Moving on: How easing mobility restrictions within Europe can help forced migrants rebuild their lives (TRAFIG Policy Brief No. 6) Bonn: BICC.

Free movement within the Schengen area is a cornerstone of European integration – and indeed an essential part of the European way of life. However, this freedom of movement is limited for forcibly displaced people residing within the European Union (EU). European asylum systems are designed to... more

Etzold, B. (2021). Flucht und Vertreibung. In R. Schneider-Sliwa, B. Braun, I. Helbrecht, & R. Wehrhahn (Eds.), Humangeographie (pp. 141-148). Braunschweig: Westermann Bildungsmedien Verlag GmbH.

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Etzold, B., & Christ, S. (2021). Humanitarian Admission Programmes: how networks enable mobility in contexts of protracted displacement. Forced Migration Review(68), pp. 63-66.

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Kraler, A., Etzold, B., & Ferreira, N. (2021). Understanding the dynamics of protracted displacement. Forced Migration Review(68), pp. 49-52.

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Mielke, K., Shahid, N., Khatana, A. R., Ahmad, Z., Irshad, A., Kiran, S., Etzold, B., Asghari, S., & Javed, M. M. (2021). Figurations of Displacement in and beyond Pakistan. Empirical findings and reflections on protracted displacement and translocal connections of Afghans (TRAFIG Working Paper No. 7) Bonn: BICC.

Pakistan currently hosts up to three million Afghans, a number that is likely to increase due to the Taliban's recent return to power in Afghanistan. This working paper is based on empirical research on the experience of Afghan displacement in Pakistan from 2019 until early 2021 as part of the... more

Wagner, M., Katsiaficas, C., & Etzold, B. (2021). Forced displacement in 2021: much to commemorate, little to celebrate (Blog OECD Development matters): OECD.

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Tufa, F., Rudolf, M., Abebe, M. G., Amsalu, D., Etzold, B., & Mengiste, T. (2021). Figurations of displacement in and beyond Ethiopia. Empirical findings and reflections on protracted displacement and translocal connections of Eritreans in Ethiopia (TRAFIG working paper 5). Bonn: BICC.

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Etzold, B. (2020). In the shadow of the pandemic: Who has a right to mobility–and who doesn't? \ Im Schatten der Pandemie: Wer hat ein Recht auf Mobilität - und wer nicht? In BICC (Ed.), Annual Report 2020 (pp. 10–17). Bonn: BICC.

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Jacobs, C., Ferreira, N., Etzold, B., & Roman, E. (2020). Policies should better support people trapped in long-term refugee situations. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/policies-should-better-support-people-trapped-in-long-term-refugee-situations-141923.

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Etzold, B. (2020). How does European policy approach mobility for non-citizens?. OpenDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/after-the-migration-crisis-the-eus-problematic-relationship-with-migration/#.

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Etzold, B., Pastore, F., Roman, E., Hatziprokopiou, P., Papatzani, E., & Kraler, A. (2020). Kommentar \ EU am Scheideweg: „Europa vor Flüchtlingen abschirmen“ oder „Geflüchtete schützen“? Bonn: BICC.

In light of the coronavirus-crisis, European refugee policy is currently receding into the background. But the situation of refugees at the EU's external borders, on the islands of the Aegean Sea and elsewhere on the periphery of Europe is deteriorating rapidly, aggravated by the global... more

Pastore, F., Roman, E., Hatziprokopiou, P., Papatzani, E., Kraler, A., & Etzold, B. (2020). The EU's shield and the institutionalisation of protracted displacement. TRAFIG Blog. https://trafig.eu/blog/eu-shield.

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Etzold, B. (2020). (Im)Mobilität im Kontext von Gewalt - Stand der Forschung und wichtigste Forschungslücken. Fluchtforschungsblog. https://blog.fluchtforschung.net/immobilitat-im-kontext-von-gewalt-stand-der-forschung-und-wichtigste-forschungslucken/.

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Ferreira, N., Jacobs, C., Kea, P., Noack, M., Hendow, M., Wagner, M., Tufa, F., Alodat, A., Ayalew, T., Etzold, B., Fogli, C., Goumenos, T., Hatziprokopiou, P., Javed, M. M., Kamanga, K., Kraler, A., Momani, F. A., & Roman, E. (2020). Governing protracted displacement: An analysis across global, regional and domestic contexts (TRAFIG working paper 3). Bonn: BICC.

This working paper explores the governance of protracted displacement across global, regional and domestic levels in the context of the project “Transnational Figurations of Displacement” (TRAFIG). The multiple contemporary crises that have led to forced displacement show not only the limits of a... more

Etzold, B. (2019). Violence, mobility and labour relations in Asia. International Quarterly for Asian Studies, 50(1-2), 5-18.

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Etzold, B. (2019). Fragmentierungen im Feld des Asyls. Alte Hürden und neue Hierarchien beim Arbeitsmarktzugang von Geflüchteten in Deutschland. In K. Binner, & K. Scherschel (Eds.), Fluchtmigration und Gesellschaft. Von Nutzenkalkülen, Solidarität und Exklusion (Arbeitsgesellschaft im Wandel) (pp. 149–168). Weinheim Basel: Beltz Juventa.

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Sterly, H., Etzold, B., Wirkus, L., Sakdapolrak, P., Schleussner, C.-F., & Hennig, B. (2019). Assessing refugees’ onward mobility with mobile phone data—A case study of (Syrian) refugees in Turkey. In A. Salah, A. Pentland, B. Lepri, & E. Letouzé (Eds.), Guide to mobile data analytics in refugee scenarios (pp. 251-263). Cham: Springer.

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Etzold, B. (2019). Fragmentierte Flucht nach Europa. In: Stadtforschung und Statistik 32 (2), S. 77–80.

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Etzold, B. (2019). Auf der Flucht – (Im)Mobilisierung und (Im)Mobilität von Schutzsuchenden (State-of-Research Papier 04). Osnabrück: IMIS/BICC.

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Noack, M., Wagner, M., & Etzold, B. (2019). Transnational Figurations of Displacement: Exploring new solutions to protracted displacement (TRAFIG Practice Note No.1). Bonn: BICC.

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Etzold, B., Belloni, M., King, R., Kraler, A., & Pastore, F. (2019). Transnational Figurations of Displacement. Conceptualising protracted displacement and translocal connectivity through a process-oriented perspective (TRAFIG Working Paper 1/2019). Bonn: BICC.

Please find the Working Paper here. TRAFIG aims to contribute to the development of alternative solutions to protracted displacement that are tailored to the needs and capacities of displaced persons. This working paper contains our central concepts and key terms. We make use of the concept of... more

Kleist, J., Engler, M., Etzold, B., Mielke, K., Oltmer, J., Pott, A., Schetter, C., & Wirkus, L. (2019). Abschlussbericht – Flucht- und Flüchtlingsforschung in Deutschland: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Osnabrück: IMIS/BICC.

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Sterly, H., Etzold, B., Wirkus, L., Sakdapolrak, P., Schewe, J., Schleussner, C.-F., & Henning, B. (2019). AROMA_CoDa: Assessing refugees’ onward mobility through the analysis of communication data. In Proceedings of the data for refugee challenge workshop (pp. 70-82). Istanbul: Boğaziçi University.

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Sterly, H., Etzold, B., & Peth, S. (2019). Bangladesch – Beweggründe für Binnenmigration und translokale Lebensrealitäten . Geographische Rundschau(3), 18-23.

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Dick, E., Schraven, B., Koch, A., & Etzold, B. (2018, January). Regional migration governance: Contributions to a sustainable international migration architecture (BICC Policy Brief series No. 1/2018). Bonn: BICC.

At the UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants in September 2016, it was agreed to develop two new global agreements: The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees, to be adopted in late 2018. It is expected that both ... more

Etzold, B. (2018). Vom Problem zur Chance: Migration in Zeiten des Klimawandels. Flucht-Migration-Integration Newsletter 01/2018. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES).

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Etzold, B. (2017). Arbeit trotz Asyl? Erlebte Chancen und Hürden von Geflüchteten beim Zugang zu Arbeit. In M. Becker, V. Kronenberg, & H. Pompe (Eds.), Fluchtpunkt Integration. Panorama eines Problemfeldes (pp. 319-353). Heidelberg: Springer.

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Etzold, B. (2017). Capitalising on asylum – The reconfiguration of refugees’ access to local fields of labour in Germany. Refugee Review, 3, 82-102.

Since 2014, several legal reforms in Germany have reduced bureaucratic barriers for refugees’ access to work. They were coupled with the introduction of more language classes and other skill-enhancing measures. This proclaimed aim of quickly integrating refugees in the labour market marks a... more

Etzold, B. (2017). Dynamic livelihood trajectories in translocal spaces. A journey through four rooms of livelihood studies. TransRe Blog "Connecting the Spots". Bonn: University of Bonn, Geography Department.

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Etzold, B. (2017). Migrations- und Fluchtpfade aus Afrika nach Europa. In Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (Ed.), Kurzdossiers – Zuwanderung, Flucht und Asyl: Aktuelle Themen.

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Etzold, B. (2017). Mobility, space and livelihood trajectories. New perspectives on migration, translocality and place-making for livelihood studies. In L. de Haan (Ed.), Livelihoods and development – New perspectives (Brill Publications) (pp. 44-68). Leiden: Brill Publications.

People’s movements and their immobilities are structured by and structure specific livelihood trajectories and the places at the crossroads. This chapter connects livelihood studies to recent geographical research and draws on Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice as conceptual frame analysing the... more

Etzold, B., Schimpl, H., Hamm, & Sonnack (2017). Dokumentation: "Lokale Konflikte um die Aufnahme und Unterbringung von Geflüchteten: Welchen Beitrag leisten Bürgerbeteiligung und Konfliktmediation vor Ort?". Bonn: BICC.

In many cities in Germany, there have been conflicts around the reception, housing and integration of refugees. Local actors responsible for the housing of refugees have used various strategies to encounter this challenge. On 17 February, municipal actors (mayors, representatives from the... more

Sakdapolrak, P., & Etzold, B. (2016). Editorial to the special section "Geographies of vulnerability and resilience - Critical explorations". Die Erde, 147(4), 230-233.

In the past 30 years the concept of vulnerability has been an important paradigm in human geography and development studies. Vulnerability analyses have significantly enhanced our understanding of everyday life under conditions of poverty and food insecurity in the Global South and of people's... more

Etzold, B., & Sakdapolrak, P. (2016). Socio-spatialities of vulnerability: Towards a polymorphic perspective in vulnerability research. Die Erde, 147(4), 234-251.

“The space of vulnerability” – the title of the influential paper by Michael Watts and Hans-Georg Bohle from 1993 – highlights the importance of spatiality for vulnerability research. As geographers have fundamentally shaped the concept of vulnerability, the issue of spatiality has been crucial for... more

Etzold, B., & Mallick, B. (2016). Moving beyond the focus on environmental migration towards recognizing the normality of translocal lives: Insights from Bangladesh. In A. Milan, B. Schraven, K. Warner, & N. Cascone (Eds.), Migration, risk management and climate change: Evidence and policy responses (pp. 105-128). Basel, Switzerland: Springer.

In the popular debate about climate change and adaptation in Bangladesh, migration is most often framed in a negative light: People are fleeing due to environmental changes and are displaced in the wake of disasters. Mobility is largely seen as a reaction and migrants as more or less passive... more

Etzold, B. (2016). Migration, informal labour and (trans)local productions of urban space – The case of Dhaka’s street food vendors. Population, Space and Place, 22(2), 170-184.

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Etzold, B. (2014). Raumaneignungen, Regeln und Profite in Dhakas Feld des Straßenhandels – Sozialgeographische Erklärungsversuche auf Grundlage von Bourdieus Theorie der Praxis. Geographica Helvetica, 69(1), 37-48.

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Etzold, B. (2013). The politics of street food. Contested governance and vulnerabilities in Dhaka's field of street vending. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

In Bangladesh, the sale of food in public space is often contested: Street food is needed, but not wanted. 100,000 street vendors sell dishes, snacks, fruits, and beverages in the megacity of Dhaka. Street food is important for urban food security as mobile labourers and the poor rely on cheap,... more

Etzold, B., Ahmed, A. U., Hassan, S. R., & Neelormi, S. (2013). Clouds gather in the sky, but no rain falls. Vulnerability to rainfall variability and food insecurity in Northern Bangladesh and its effects on migration. Climate and Development, 6(1), 18-27.

This article presents empirical evidence on changing rainfall patterns in Kurigram district in northern Bangladesh, on the local people's perception of these changes, and on their decision to migrate, or not, in order to cope with rainfall variability and food insecurity. Our study was conducted as... more

Keck, M., & Etzold, B. (2013). Resilience refused – Wasted potentials for improving food security in Dhaka. Erdkunde, 67(1), 75-91.

In 2007 and 2008, Bangladesh was subject to a food crisis – the outcome of multiple causes – which had a severe impact on the urban poor of the country’s capital. Dhaka’s food supplies were repeatedly disconnected due to floods and cyclones, yet there was always enough food in the megacity thanks... more

Etzold, B. (2009). Illegalisierte Migration in der Flüssigen Moderne. Migration aus Afrika und die europäische Grenzsicherungspolitik. Berlin: WVB.

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